Refractory materials are essential consumables in all high-temperature industrial processes, especially those produced in heavy industries such as steel, cement, glass, aluminum, and petrochemicals. Refractory materials are also one of the important factors that can be commercialized in heavy industrial sectors. No heavy industry manufacturer in the world could exist as a profitable commercial company without a constant supply of high quality refractory materials to control heat and process reactions, providing a clear and powerful indication of the importance of refractory materials. Downstream Industry  Application Replacement Cost Steel  Alkaline Oxygen Arc Furnace Casting Ladle 20 minutes to two months 3.0% Cement/lime  Rotary kiln per year 0.5% Non-ferrous metal Copper converter 1-10 years 0.2% Glass Glass melting furnace up to 10 years 1.0% Energy/Environment/Chemicals 2nd stage